Comparing the Great Depression to the Great Recession Essay

Comparing the Great Depression to the Great Recession - Essay Example Economists have often compared the two economic bad that have affected people throughout the world. This paper shall provide a comparative discussion on the two economic phenomena and draw parallels and differences on the two. To achieve this, the essay shall provide an outline understanding of the events that lead to the 1930s great depression, and the economic policy responses that were executed to handle the situation, and thereafter provide an understanding of the events that precipitated the 2008-2009 recession and the policy responses. Finally this paper shall provide a discussion of the major points raised by analysis of both phenomena. The exact cause of the market crash that lead to the great depression in the 1930s has been a subject of great debate, in as much as most economists contend that the 1929 New York market crash was just the smokescreen of the great depression; however, the crises are more complicated and multifaceted (Eichengreen et al., 53). The great depression affected every bit of the world economy: manufacturing, agricultural, financial, political and social, and it is deemed the longest crisis with grave consequences. Much like the global financial crisis that occurred in the late 2000s, the United States led the way, and soon spread to the rest of the world. After the First World War, the period in the 1920s was synonymous with a economic boom, and the world economy was enjoying a period of improved growths, and in a similar manner the United States experiencing high growths was being referred to as the roaring twenties. The economic boom created a situation in which stock prices rose in every sector of the United States, and was not only confined to real estate; in fact, Galbraith (16) insists that between May 1924 and December 1925, there was an average of eighty percent rise in stock prices. To maximize their income on investment that were escalating, investors borrowed heavily, but economic theory always predicts

Democracy in the uk Essay Example for Free

Democracy in the uk Essay I love reading romance tragedy books. Firstly it gives me the opportunity to identify love; how love growths, what specific element bring the personas close and attached emotionally. Furthermore it gives in-depth information about love and the aspects of love, this is interesting because love is part of everyday life and a lot of people can relate to it which makes it relatable. Secondly the readers (I) feels inclusive and as well as learn from it in order to prevent the mistakes made by the characters in  the book, or to Improve relationships which will benefits me and also it makes the story appealing and interesting. Thirdly reading a romance book is a really great to relax and escape from the day-to-day world. In addition, I paint a picture which helps me create an image in my head which almost seem like I am watching a movie this makes the book very intruding and makes me yearn to read more. There are certain types of genres that I don’t enjoy reading such as fantasies this is because it is unrealistic as it a paint an unrealistic imagine  which doesn’t make the book relatable and most often it discouraging as the readers do not feel inclusive. I would certainly prefer it if it was mixed with a different genre for example romance etc†¦ However it may suitable for people who wants to escape from the real world and have an adventurous reading. For instance children. I enjoy writing when I am depressed or confused this is because it gives me the sense of relief as I get to express my feelings, thoughts and  decision this helps me ease stress all the stress as it doesn’t became a barding so by having this relief I tend to a solution any problem I’m going through. Reading helps me to explore different thing so by this I read almost every day for example newspaper on my way to college, I have an hour 15mintes journey. Reading keep me awake and rejuvenated as I get to read about different this that’s going on in the world and celebrate gossips etc†¦ this helps me to be ready and prepared for my lessons as  my brain helps my brain stay active. I am reading novels I stopped during exams session ‘vampire beach’ and the following novel is called ‘ritual and legacy’ I am very intrude to read this book because I enjoyed reading the other novels as it meets to my expectations and the genre of the book is also about romance, supernatural and seduction which makes it very interesting as there’s different stories in the book because of the riveting, variety of themes as the reader don’t get fatigue.

Eastern European Conclusions :: Russian Government Essays

Eastern European Conclusions The year 1989 represents a paradox of the modern history. Not long ago the USSR was the biggest fear of the whole world. The Soviet Union exemplified an enormous political, economical, and military power. The revolution of 1917 gave birth to a giant child. That creation walked the earth very fast, and, by the end of 1960, it enforced communist structures all over the world. China, Cuba, Poland, Czechoslovakia illustrate ramifications of the system. In 1989 the child suddenly vanished. The German reunification, the rejection of the communist rules by the liberal Hungarian government, and the Romanian revolution, which solved with the execution of Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife, speak about the instability of that time. It was the end of a historical epoch. Ten years have passed since those days. I still remember learning to write using the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic, the Popular Front movement in Moldova, and the impressive demonstrations and rebellions showed on television. I was just a young child. Everybody was happy and excited. New bright times were supposed to come, and they did, but not for everybody. People soon found that the new discovered capitalism meant a drop in living standards, rising unemployment, reduced social benefits, and growing inequality. This started the period of transition, but life would improve... Life did improve. Hungary, Poland, and the Baltic countries proved that capitalism meant a brighter future and a better life. The statistics regarding the economical condition of Hungary show that the country obtained immense achievements and important developments in the political and economical spheres of life. (Nations, Online) The situation of the Baltic countries is not much different from those in the Western Europe. What happened to the rest of the post-soviet countries? Why is the present situation in Eastern Europe so deplorable? Corruption affects all level of society, but it has the worst effects when it comes from the top. The whole political and economical structure of the former USSR is influenced by this social malady. The analysts are looking for a drug to treat the disease, but this virus adapts with an incredible speed. Everybody is corrupt. Such a statement sounds very paradoxical, but it is very close to reality. "The American headlines about corruption in Russia are revolving around two separate and so far unrelated allegations. One is that Yeltsin and his daughters,

Use of Power: Blade Runner vs. The Handmaid’s Tale

Compare the ways In which the authors of two texts you studied this year explore the use of power. The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood and Blade Runner: Director's Cut by Riddle Scott both explore the use of power albeit in similar and dissimilar ways. Power in both texts Is portrayed as humankind's power over the natural world, power over those considered Inferior In society, and power over women. In Blade Runner, the human race is seen to have abused an outstanding amount of power over the natural world, as seen by the environmental decrepitude in the 2019 Los Angels city.There is a large amount of photochemical smog from which the constant acidic rain falls, deteriorating the large buildings. Costuming such as umbrellas and raincoats, dark lighting from unnatural sources, and camera techniques such as the claustrophobic crane shot compile together to create a polluted and dank environment. Apart from the safe fantasy haven of Decker's dreams, not once in the film are flowers or trees shown, and the only animal seen is ‘artificial' or in black and white photographs.Unlike The Handmaid's Tale in which children are a key feature of society, no children are seen in Blade Runner, which suggests that the state of the world is irreparable. There is a large amount of manmade technology however; for example repellents, ever-present blimps, and flying cars or ‘spinners'. This suggests that the progression of technology was far more important to humankind than the preservation of the natural world. In this text, Scott illustrates a world that has quite literally gone to ruin, due to humankind's domination over the natural world.The Handmaid's Tale depicts a world where this dominance is also evident, although it is far less obvious. Contrasting to the Mathew colorless 2019 Los Angels, the world of Gilead boasts rose beds, sunshine and shady streets. But there are also toxic wastelands and skyrocketing infertility rates. The alarm Is described to have â⠂¬Å"got too full, once, of chemicals, rays, radiation† and the water to â€Å"swarm with toxic molecules,† all of which are the consequence of human activity and thus illustrate the power over the natural world.As a result, â€Å"still births, miscarriages and genetic deformities are widespread and on the increase. † The condition and state of the environment in both texts illustrate the vegetating effects of humankind having power over the natural world. Power over those considered inferior in society is also explored in these two texts. In Blade Runner, the replicates are deemed as unequal, which is evident due to the use of language. For example, the euphemism â€Å"retirement† is used to describe their death, and Declared uses the term â€Å"it† instead of ‘he' or ‘she' when referring to them.When Chord Is killed on the street, the lack of reaction from the public suggests that morally incorrect. Besides replicates, however, non-Cauc asian people suffer inequality also. This is evident as the blimps that advertise a â€Å"new life† in the off- world colonies speak in English, despite majority of the population being Asian. Caucasian people in the film are seen to have all the power due to their positions in society, for example Tersely, the lavishly dressed people in Taffy's bar, and Bryant, the head police officer.Bryant is heard using derogatory language, which suggests his power as a Caucasian, as he refers to those below him in the overpopulated streets as â€Å"little people. † Those who are not physically perfect are also shown as powerless in the film. For example, J. F. Sebastian â€Å"couldn't pass the medical† to live in an off-world colony because he suffers from Methuselah's syndrome, despite being a killed engineer (as shown by his ‘living toy creations. ) Bigotry against those considered inferior is also seen in The Handmaid's Tale.In the ‘Historical Notes' it is ex plained that a specific strain of syphilis was produced to drop over India, which is similar to the type of ‘racial cleansing seen in Blade Runner. Moreover, those who cannot serve the â€Å"greater good† are exposed of as if they are mere objects, for instance, abortion actors and homosexuals, both of whom are publicly hung on The Wall. Handmaids also suffer similar inequality and powerlessness. This is largely evident as the Aunts in the Red Centre are explained to have â€Å"scriptural precedent† to hit the handmaids.Offered communicates the power over those considered substandard in society by explaining that â€Å"Better never means better for everyone†¦ It always means worse for someone. † Atwood and Scott both explore power over those considered inferior in order to enhance the already dyspeptic worlds, and to evoke a strong emotional response from their audience. Power over women in both texts is a significant area explored by both Atwood and Scott. In Blade Runner, women are sexualities and objectified for the pleasures of men, which indicates male dominance.Chord, who works as an exotic dancer â€Å"taking pleasures from the snake† is highly sexualities to the point of ridiculousness, for example, her see-through, impractical rain Jacket – paired with knee high heeled boots. Camera techniques also illustrate her objectification as a sex toy. For example, the camera imposes on her privacy by following her into the shower, despite Declared eyeing the only one talking at the time. Additionally, the framing tends to focus on her body.Prism similarly is an example of men's power over women in the Blade Runner world. Although she is seen wearing more clothing than Chord, she also wears a collar, which signifies ‘ownership' as if she is an animal that could belong to someone. This costuming differs to what is described in The Handmaid's Tale, where female clothing is â€Å"long and concealing. † How ever, in both worlds clothing is a means of identification, for example in Gilead, the color red represents the Handmaids, as the liar on Prism supposedly represents a â€Å"basic pleasure model. The creation of Prism as a replicate to serve as a â€Å"basic pleasure model† indicates that women are considered to have no other purpose in life besides their sexual organs. This idea is present in The Handmaid's Tale also. Due to the infertility rates, sexual violence and rape are justified, leading to women becoming no more than â€Å"two-legged wombs, that's all. † Even Rachel, who contrasts from Prism and Chord in her role in society, is powerless in between her and Declared, which presents the idea that women should be observing to men.This is indicated as when she dodges his advances and attempts to leave, he angrily slams the door shut, pushes her against the wall and demands her to kiss him. Similarly in The Handmaid's Tale, women are subject to violence, despite t he desire for their â€Å"protection,† for example the â€Å"electric cattle prods† used to maintain power over the handmaids. Inequality due to gender is also largely evident as women are given only three chances at pregnancy before they are cast off to the colonies to die of â€Å"unnatural causes. It is clear that if infertility is a problem, ales are Just as ‘responsible' as females, but not once are men punished for faulty semen. Although women are not as obviously unequal in Blade Runner, it is evident that both authors have deeply explored the disturbing idea of men's power over women. Atwood and Scott explore the use of power in both The Handmaid's Tale and Blade Runner; particularly power over the natural world, those considered inferior, and women. This evokes strong emotional responses, and despite differing means of exploration, both texts successfully raise questions and provoke thought.

Constructivist Approach

I think when a secondry student starts learning new language for the first time in school It is very useful and important that the feeling of freedom of action they were to thought and responds. Consructivist approach is a helpful way to get a new trainee interested in learning English as a second language. When a students begins to learn,they rest and concern whould are not just for remembering and memorizing. unfortunately, in most of our public schools, The teacher was alone as the center of attention And only he is eloquent and the rest of the learning is specific to the subject matter of the book and the examinations and questions include just book content. Even behaviourism has not been implemented, and lack of the build-up,beginners have begun teaching of the same lesson without making innovation and research and thought of students in relation to the culture that they are learning the language and have no participation, their interest It reduces the scope of research in that branch. The teacher is written not only as a guide but as an absolute spokesman who only reads the contents of the book and students have to memorize the word of their words and questions are written without any stimulation of the initiative and the action of students from the concrete content of the curriculum. Dont give them any experience and just impact their behaviour.In this condition reinforcement and punishment is become more important.Student just imitating teacher and learning is done through repititon.They have no volountry to control their reflex to stimulus and response. These students continue to maintain and provide repetitive lessons without learning to take initiative and collaborate with their other classmates, even in the curriculum.The lack of psychological knowledge and no image of the culture of the target language of the teacher leads to the development of students without initiative and interaction.

Free Essays on M-commerce

As defined by market analysts, mobile commerce is the natural extension of e-commerce that allows consumers to make business via a wireless mode anytime, anywhere and always –on. It uses digital cellular phones, PDAs, pagers, notebooks and even cars can already be online wirelessly, all this developing another channel of the value-added chain. It is the innovation to meet the evolving customer needs of wanting to escape the personal interaction eyeball-to-eyeball pressure of purchasing. In comparison for further distinction, where e-commerce uses the Web on a computer screen to run transactions, m-commerce uses much smaller screens on mobile devices. Mobile Commerce connects business and customers via the Internet through wireless devices, cell phones, Palm Pilots, personal digital assistants, handhelds and basically any wireless device. Many businesses in various mobile industries may find wireless credit card processing very appealing. These might include those involved in m aintenance or delivery services to homes, towing companies, food delivery, transportation services, tradeshows, etc. With mobile commerce, you don't need a phone jack or electrical outlet, and transactions basically take only a few seconds to complete.( Coursaris, Constantinos. Hassnein Khaled. Head Milena. M-Commerce in Canada: An interaction framework for wireless privacy) Wireless credit card processing terminals are available in retail form (to swipe cards) or for real-time keyed in transactions. M – commerce have also become possible to the emerge of the 3G(third generation) phones that due to their advanced technology make the transition of data between the wired and wireless world possible. The 3G mobile phones are a key step in the evolution to a Mobile Internet because the technology provides significant gains in network capacity, and speed, which, will, enable advanced video and multimedia services in addition to rapid deployment of m-commerce capabil... Free Essays on M-commerce Free Essays on M-commerce As defined by market analysts, mobile commerce is the natural extension of e-commerce that allows consumers to make business via a wireless mode anytime, anywhere and always –on. It uses digital cellular phones, PDAs, pagers, notebooks and even cars can already be online wirelessly, all this developing another channel of the value-added chain. It is the innovation to meet the evolving customer needs of wanting to escape the personal interaction eyeball-to-eyeball pressure of purchasing. In comparison for further distinction, where e-commerce uses the Web on a computer screen to run transactions, m-commerce uses much smaller screens on mobile devices. Mobile Commerce connects business and customers via the Internet through wireless devices, cell phones, Palm Pilots, personal digital assistants, handhelds and basically any wireless device. Many businesses in various mobile industries may find wireless credit card processing very appealing. These might include those involved in m aintenance or delivery services to homes, towing companies, food delivery, transportation services, tradeshows, etc. With mobile commerce, you don't need a phone jack or electrical outlet, and transactions basically take only a few seconds to complete.( Coursaris, Constantinos. Hassnein Khaled. Head Milena. M-Commerce in Canada: An interaction framework for wireless privacy) Wireless credit card processing terminals are available in retail form (to swipe cards) or for real-time keyed in transactions. M – commerce have also become possible to the emerge of the 3G(third generation) phones that due to their advanced technology make the transition of data between the wired and wireless world possible. The 3G mobile phones are a key step in the evolution to a Mobile Internet because the technology provides significant gains in network capacity, and speed, which, will, enable advanced video and multimedia services in addition to rapid deployment of m-commerce capabil...

Paraphrasing Essay Example

Paraphrasing Essay Example Paraphrasing Essay Paraphrasing Essay Paraphrasing The type of work that a person engages in has long been used to segregate and cluster people into different classes depending on whether the work was manual or not. Manual work, which requires more effort and strength to carry out has in the past been considered to be for slaves and not for people who enjoyed their freedom. The ideology was to change later with the onset of Christianity that made it possible for people to view work differently. The New Testament and the gospel that came with it portrayed work in a different light as Jesus, the son of God, and who is considered God came in human form and undertook a difficult and highly manual carpentry work. He was a carpenter during all His life changing peoples perspective and view of work from that of an objective to a subjective one. The gospel highlighted in the New Testament entails that the dignity and value of any work are supposed to be defined subjectively by the fact that the work is being done by a human being and not obj ectively by the type of work done. According to the Gospel, work should be valued based on the fact that its being undertaken by a person (subjective) just like God did, and not whether the job is manual or not (objective).

Citing Primary Sources in OSCOLA Referencing

Citing Primary Sources in OSCOLA Referencing Citing Primary Sources in OSCOLA Referencing citation systems as well. In the UK, the most common form of legal referencing is OSCOLA (or the Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities). And in this post, we look at how to cite primary sources with OSCOLA. First, though, what exactly is a primary source? Primary and Secondary Sources OSCOLA classes sources as either â€Å"primary† or â€Å"secondary.† Primary sources are legal sources, such as cases and legislative documents. Secondary sources cover everything else, including books, journal articles, and websites. In either case, you will use superscript numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 3) to indicate a citation, with details of the source given in a footnote. But the information you give here will depend on the source in question. For primary sources, this usually means either a case report or a legislative act. Citing Case Reports in OSCOLA When citing a UK case with a neutral citation, you will need to provide the following information in the accompanying footnote: Case Name | [Year] | Court | Number,| [Year] | Volume | Report Abbreviation | First Page However, you only need to include the case name in the footnote if it is not used in the text. And as shown, the neutral citation should be separated from the law report citation by a comma. Cases from before 2001 will not have a neutral citation, so footnotes for older cases should only include the following details: Case Name | [Year] | Volume | Report Abbreviation | First Page | (Court) Examples of the above would thus appear as follows in footnote citations: Neutral Citation: PI vs Walls [2008] UKHL 15, [2008] 4 AC 1284 No Neutral Citation: GM vs Nissan [1983] 1 AC 154 (UKHL) Citing Legislation in OSCOLA Other than cases, the main primary sources in OSCOLA referencing are legislative acts and statutory instruments. When citing a UK legislative act, all you need is the short title and year. For instance: Act of Supremacy 1558 To reference a particular section, meanwhile, simply add it after the year: Human Rights Act 1998 s 7 The â€Å"s† before the â€Å"7† above is short for â€Å"section.† However, the correct abbreviation here may depend on what you’re citing: part/parts pt/pts section/sections s/ss subsection/subsections sub-s/sub-ss paragraph/paragraphs para/paras subparagraph/subparagraphs subpara/subparas schedule/schedules sch/schs You may also need to cite a statutory instrument at some point. To do this, the footnote should include the title, year and the SI number (after a comma). So, for instance, we could cite a statutory instrument as follows: The Deregulation Act 2015 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2015, SI 2015  2074 (C.  130) Cases and Legislation in an OSCOLA Bibliography As well as footnote citations, you will need to list all primary sources in a bibliography at the end of your document. For primary sources, the general rules in an OSCOLA bibliography are: Provide full information for each source. Divide primary sources into a Table of Cases and a Table of Legislation (you may also want to separate acts of legislation from legislative instruments). Sort cases/acts into separate sections by jurisdiction (unless you have not cited many sources, in which case they can be combined). List sources within their categories alphabetically by case name/title. List secondary sources separately under the heading â€Å"Bibliography.† This will make it easy for readers to find the various primary sources you have used in your work. And if you’d like someone to double check your referencing when youve finished writing, we’re always happy to help.

Women's Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women's Rights - Essay Example The considerable distinctness in how women are treated differently when comparing the West and the East is rather alarming and perhaps the most incredulous part of all is how few people across the world actually seem to realize it. Over the past few decades, women's rights have changed dramatically, regarding issues ranging from their participation in the work force to how they are treated as a human being. Although this change may seem altogether positive, the actuality of it differs from different parts of the world. When comparing the Eastern and Western culture in reference to women, there are many things to consider, all of which can be understood more clearly by addressing the following questions: When discussing how women are treated differently in Middle East countries compared to the Western culture, the difference is quite extreme. In countries such as Canada and the United States, women are basically at the point where they can dress, speak and act however they please; whereas in a Middle Eastern country such as Iran or Iraq for example, a woman's actions and wardrobe are specifically laid out for her and expected to be followed. In the Middle East, women are seen as sources of seduction that are responsible for man's inability to resist them, and because they are considered to be the inferior sex, it is assumed to be their duty to control their sexuality. As Ayubi states, "it is believed that women must be hidden and separated from men so that the males are not overpowered by feminine sexual appeal." (p. 3). Due to this theory, there is a custom to which all women living in Middle East countries are expected to abide by - veiling. Veiling is a custom which involves the woman covering her entire body (including hair) except for the hands and face. It has become a symbol of female virtue and obedience to Allah - the Arabic name for God - and is a crucial part of the Islamic code which stresses sexual segregation. Spivey (n.d.) wrote that women are expected to dress this way due to the fact that women are merely "sexual beings who need to be controlled." Men and women are considered to be in two 'separate sphe res'; with men's role being in the 'public sphere', and women's in the 'private sphere'. Women veil themselves when they go outside, onto the street, or into shops, because they have entered the 'male sphere'. This way they are considered 'invisible' and show that they respect the men, and that they understand they are in man's domain. Middle Eastern society revolves primly around the concept of public morality. Honour and respect are of the utmost important in this type of society, and upholding this honour for the family is a vital responsibility. This is believed by some - mostly men - to be a reasonable explanation as to why women are expecte

Consequences of Immoral Behaviors Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consequences of Immoral Behaviors - Assignment Example According to Donner (2007), American Psychological Association ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct requires all information given to a psychologist in the cause of his or her professional work be kept in private. As a professional, a forensic psychologist should be able to protect information provided in a professional relationship. It is wrong for a psychologist to allow private information relayed to them to be disclosed to a legal system. A forensic psychologist would have to weigh their decision and consider whether this would harm the prisoner. The inmate gives much trust to the psychologist by admitting to him that he took the blame for his son’s assault to a 17 year old friend. Under no circumstances should the psychologist give this information to a third party. The plaintiff did not protest against the father’s decision to own up his son’s mistake. The process of decision-making is to a large extent based on ethics. A psychologist sho uld be aware of ethics related concerns in a given situation. An informed decision can be arrived at only if there is a clear understanding of these concerns. The psychologist should be able to determine ethics based priorities. Self-honesty is fundamental for the purposes of decision-making. Priorities should be determined on the best interest of the inmate, professional code of ethics and the benefit to society. For example, in a case Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, the court held that the protection privileges ends where public peril begins (Buckner & Firestone, 2000). Period of deliberation also comes in hand when dealing with the question on ethics and confidentiality since they are not easily answered. A forensic psychologist should be able to make any ethical decision and take responsibility for that choice. There may be consequences likely to occur as a result of the verdict taken. In this case, the person who committed

Recommendation for a Jewish School and Synagogue for Students with Essay

Recommendation for a Jewish School and Synagogue for Students with Disabilities - Essay Example Public schools are supposed to provide a certain percentage of their funding for needy students in private schools, and the Jewish schools can benefit from the information provided by an IEP in terms of the difficulties faced by the needy students. In spite of this, parents are often reluctant to share the IEP of their children with disabilities. Therefore, one way of supporting students with disabilities in Jewish schools is for the parents and guardians of students with disabilities to provide their IEP. Most parents fail to see the relevance of the IEP in their children’s Jewish education, especially in schools where only Hebrew and Judaics is taught. Parents must provide information that may assist those teachers to provide learning experience for their child that is effective (Reamer 185). According to Reamer 102), another thing that needs to be done in such schools is to take measures for countering stigmatization. Most parents are reluctant to take their disabled childr en to Jewish schools as they feel that their child will be labeled. Parents say that they wish their child to be in a place where the child will not be singled out for labeling and where he can feel positively about his Judaism. The parents are not interested in reading and writing Hebrew, but with the maintenance of the Jewish connection. The school should therefore come up with a policy that discourages labeling of students as with disabilities and also encourage parents to instill self confidence in their children to avoid the effects of stigmatization. One problem facing many Jewish schools is the qualification of their staff members. Most do not have staff members who are special educators. The special educators are adequately trained to handle children with a wide range of disorders and disabilities, therefore giving them a better chance of successfully teaching the children what they have to learn. Hence, for a Jewish school and synagogue to support the inclusion of students with disabilities, they must employ trained special educators as part of their staff. Despite supplemental Jewish education programs such as these schools providing excellent Jewish experiences, parents wishing their special need children to have a Jewish environment everyday often have to fend for themselves with little school support. Those with the ability to afford it have to hire tutors and shadows, a solution that has not always been successful. In most cases, the parents have to make that difficult choice of taking their children out of Jewish schools. Thus to avoid this, the Jewish school and synagogue should provide the necessary support to parents of their students to ensure that raising and educating children with disabilities is not a wholesome burden (Reamer 322). In order to initiate services for students with special needs, the staff and school administration of a Jewish school and synagogue should follow certain laid down guidelines for all learning disabilities. One vital guideline is understanding that both social and academic behaviors of students with disabilities are symptoms of a disability and not flaws in characters or intentional acts. The teachers should allow time extensions for the completion of assignments and tests, and should not be impatient in case of delays in the completion of homework and such. They should also apply the use

The Greatest Impact on Western Civilization Essay

The Greatest Impact on Western Civilization - Essay Example In short, without the ideas that came from the Intellectual Revolution, there would be not much change in Europe and America, and revolutions for independence and efforts for the development of commerce and industry would not have been possible. The Intellectual Revolution was actually brought about by a deluge of scientific ideas that created an impact â€Å"on the way people live and think† and thus changed their â€Å"view of the nature of reality† (â€Å"Chapter 23†). Because of the scientific ideas brought about by the scientists of the Enlightenment like Newton, Copernicus and Pascal, â€Å"it [was] no longer possible to maintain that the sun [revolved] about a motionless earth, or that there [were] four terrestrial elements: earth, air, fire, and water† (â€Å"Chapter 23†). This implies that with the advent of the Scientific Revolution, people started assessing the validity of their beliefs through reason and stopped believing in superstition s. Moreover, perhaps the most important change was that people began to think and perhaps sought out the reasons for their own existence. Discoveries in the field of science like astronomy somehow also paved the way for people to make â€Å"exact [observations and to refuse] to accept any conclusion that did not square with all the observed data† (â€Å"Chapter 23†). ... This must have eventually led groups of people to evaluate their existence and position vis-a-vis a power hungry monarchy like that of France during the 18th century. Such revolutionary change in the way people thought would have indirectly led to the recognition of their rights as human beings by virtue of reason and thus eventually brought the French Revolution. The Intellectual Revolution also brought with it a new philosophy that perhaps awakened man’s sense of self. The political philosophy of John Locke, which was adopted by the constitutional monarchy of England, spread around Europe around this time and made those governed by absolute monarchy to rethink their positions and to consider the idea of having not an absolute king but three separate branches of government – executive, legislative and judiciary (â€Å"The Philosophies†). Moreover, the philosophy of Voltaire taught the people that â€Å"man’s desire to pursue one’s happiness [is] i nborn† (â€Å"The Philosophies†). Another philosopher, Montesquieu emphasized the legal system of each nation, and a great philosopher in the name of Jean Jacques Rosseau theorized that â€Å"the society in the state of nature [is] the society with no class-distinctions† (â€Å"The Philosophies†). This paralleled the Intellectual Revolution in America with Thomas Paine proclaiming the rights of man and the first 13 states finally declaring independence from the British. All this philosophy perhaps awakened in man a recognition of his innate right to freedom and, naturally, a desire to attain it at any cost. The philosophical aspect of the Intellectual Revolution thus helped to trigger the occurrence not only of the French Revolution but

Education class for teaching profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Education class for teaching profession - Essay Example al understanding in learners), Perennialism in action (brings literary tradition into the consideration that how it proves to be useful for learning) and Essentialism in action(focus is on reading, writing and computation) are the four segments through which she structures the learning experience. The carefully structured debate provides with various opportunities to learn, develop and construct knowledge. The various segments have their own significances and role to play when it comes to learning. Unfolding the learner, asking their opinions, standardized tests to check that whether they have met the target needs or not, focusing on individual learner’s need and inclusion of visual imagery suggests that learning will prove to be effective and fruitful. The information that teacher gathers from students debates is that it will help the teacher to understand the student’s background information the teacher might find easy to understand the students creative understanding. It will also help the teacher in order to collect the student’s background knowledge and inculcate it into the

U03d1 Theory of Constraints Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U03d1 Theory of Constraints - Essay Example The basic theory is that the lesser the barriers to the performance, there is higher chances of realizing the full potential. This theory helps provide a complete focus on five main aspects which include â€Å"identity constraints, exploit constraints, subordinate others, elevate constraints and repeat cycle† (Anderson, 2005). The theory of constraints is based on five steps. This is clear from the diagram below. Theory of Constraints in some ways is similar to lean thinking however along with the focus on the reduction of wastes, and increase in the process flow, the theory also focuses on throughput. However there is little or no focus on the emphasis of making money by selling products and services or also simply cutting costs (Jacob, Bergland, & Cox, 2009). In terms of the example of the correlation between the two selected processes, it is best to choose the internal process and the structural management process with the focus on quality service. Considering the health care organization, the main constraints and restrictions are mainly recognized by the stakeholders of the organization along with the supervision of the administration. Together they work towards the determination of the offered resolutions and also work towards the response and removal of or adding on to the necessities of the organization to have an overall effective and cost efficient process. The health care industry can overall be improved to a great extent using the Theory of Constraints and the overall management as well as the staff credentials can be improved based on the needs of the organization (Goldratt, 1999). The overall organization can be improved to a great extent by increasing the operational flow, improving the communication and also working on the s taff awareness and cohesive delegation of the tasks. Together the overall processes can be improved and the Theory of Constraints’ five step program

Education class for teaching profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Education class for teaching profession - Essay Example al understanding in learners), Perennialism in action (brings literary tradition into the consideration that how it proves to be useful for learning) and Essentialism in action(focus is on reading, writing and computation) are the four segments through which she structures the learning experience. The carefully structured debate provides with various opportunities to learn, develop and construct knowledge. The various segments have their own significances and role to play when it comes to learning. Unfolding the learner, asking their opinions, standardized tests to check that whether they have met the target needs or not, focusing on individual learner’s need and inclusion of visual imagery suggests that learning will prove to be effective and fruitful. The information that teacher gathers from students debates is that it will help the teacher to understand the student’s background information the teacher might find easy to understand the students creative understanding. It will also help the teacher in order to collect the student’s background knowledge and inculcate it into the

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries Case Study - 5

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries - Case Study Example International Monetary Fund is financial institution that amasses its funds through contributions from countries using quota systems. These resources are however, availed to developing countries to boost their economic growth, reduce poverty, reduce unemployment, and provide enabling environment for political stability. Poor and debt-troubled countries need financial support and International Monetary Fund plays instrumental role in ensuring availability of favorable exchange rates and money that is used to improve infrastructure, boost education, and run day-to-day activities of the government. Despite the help, International Monetary Fund levies high charges on countries, which borrow money thus rendering them slaves of the developed countries because they cannot pay the debts within the agreed time. Poor countries continue being poor because the International Monetary Fund regulates the policies that govern the rates and value of money ( Copelovitch, 2010). Financial assistance from IMF is advanced to countries facing financial problems for instances, balance of payment deficit, and unfavorable terms of trade. In this regard, actual and potential countries in financial difficulties are assisted. Actual borrowers are countries, which need financial support to run their routine activities and this includes states that have borrowed money at one instance. Potential borrowers are countries that are vulnerable for instance, under civil war, gained independence, and facing economic recession. Furthermore, borrowing countries have to be member states of IMF and have to abide by the rules and regulations laid down by the organization. The countries have to be aware of the penalties and processes to be followed before receiving funding. Abiding by the strategies, visions, and missions of the organization aids in reducing default rate. On the other hand, the projects and programs which the money is borrowed for must be

Underground Economy Essay Example for Free

Underground Economy Essay Every year, economics becomes a hot-button issue for politicians and ordinary citizens across the country. Politicians stake their careers on promises of economic revitalization, and individuals grouse when the forecast for the national economy is less than inspiring. Most economists measure an economy’s health by a variety of factors, such as the Gross Domestic Product, tax returns, poverty rates, and unemployment rates (Koopmans 575). But how accurate are these numbers? And if they are not accurate, then is society receiving a truthful picture of the overall economy? Many scholars stimate that as much as twenty percent of the GDP goes unreported every year (Kacapyr 30-31). In addition, surveys confirm that up to 25 million Americans are leaving large portions of income out of their tax files (Bartlett, â€Å"Going Underground†). In fact, the IRS estimates that an astounding one trillion dollars of income is left out of tax documents every year (Speer 15). Many factors contribute to this disturbing trend, such as crime and questionable business practices. However, one hot-button issue in particular has emerged as a significant factor in underground economy activity. For Texans, illegal mmigration is a little-disputed reality. For the American economy, Texas is an undeniable omen of the devastating impact of the underground economy. The term bears many other names (including informal and shadow economy), and has been defined in numerous ways, including those economic activities that circumvent or evade . . . the tax code and â€Å"unmeasured economic activity† (Priest 2259). The last definition, in its simplicity, best defines the underground economy. When many people think of unreported earnings, they may picture traditional illegal activities such as drug smuggling, prostitution, and gambling. While such activities do comprise a large part of the underground economy, millions of ordinary and otherwise law-abiding citizens participate in the underground economy every day. A 1994 auditor’s report states that, â€Å"The underground economy is not all smugglers. It is hundreds of thousands of otherwise honest people who have withdrawn their consent to be governed, who have lost faith in government (Dawson 18). For example, general laborers who are paid ‘under the table’ are for the most part honest individuals that nevertheless make up the estimated ? of Americans who earn â€Å"unofficial income† each year (Bartlett, â€Å"Going Underground†). What are the reasons for this illicit activity, and what effect does the underground economy exert on the overall economy? One major aid to the underground economy according to most experts is tax laws. Supply-side economics holds that any changes in marginal tax rates will have an important effect on resource use (Gwartney and Stroup 114). In other words, the presence of taxes greatly impact the economic decisions of businesses and employers alike. A big benefit for underground employees is the absence of income tax and social security reductions. In the underground economy, gross income and net income are equal. Employers also avoid costly payroll taxes when they engage in underground activities (Sennholz, â€Å"The Underground Economy†). Data gathered from the Census Bureau seems to confirm the prominence of tax evasion. The group estimates a twenty-five percent non-response rate for questions relating to income (Speer 15-16). Further, a Federal Reserve study found that when the tax burden increased by ten percent, underground activity rose by up to three percent. Self-employment and small business tax rises are particularly linked to underground economic expansion (â€Å"Underground Dwellers,† National Review). Another important determinant of underground participation is unemployment. Numerous studies have found a positive correlation between unemployment and underground participation. Individuals (especially those supporting families) who cannot find a well-paying job often feel that they have no other choice but to work in whatever job becomes available. Such citizens may work underground while still accumulating welfare and unemployment checks (Bajada 281-284). Surveys of inner-cities suggest that a gap does exist between the income reported to social welfare agencies (an average of $10,000/year in one California study) and the â€Å"actual† income level disclosed in confidential questionnaires (an average rise of $5,000/year in the California study). (Speer 16) Illegal aliens represent one prominent group who benefit from underground activities. Immigrants from poorer countries such as Mexico can be illegally paid under the minimum wage and still accumulate earnings significantly higher than if they found work in their home country. Such arrangements benefit both the employees and the employer (who avoids paying minimum wage and benefits) financially (Schlosberg 45- 47). The ramifications of underground economies on the economic picture are enormous. As previously mentioned, statistical data used to calculate the health of an economy can become irreparably skewed by missing underground information. Poverty rates and unemployment rates are overestimated (Bajada 181), which can present an overly bleak forecast for a state’s or country’s future (as evidenced by the American Demographics Index of Well-Being) (Kacapyr 31). In addition, small businesses and firms lose income opportunities because they are reluctant to move businesses into areas hich are deemed (perhaps falsely) as â€Å"poor† (Speer 16), resulting in a loss of revenue for affected regions. In return, the lack of legitimate businesses only stimulates the underground economy. National and state savings rates are also underestimated, which may lead to faulty focus in social welfare programs (Justice and Ng, â€Å"The Underground Labor Force is Rising†). Since these anti-poverty programs make up more than 70% of public aid programs (Paglin 2254), then it is vitally important that the facts and figures which are used to support and implement such programs are as accurate as possible. The programs that do work will lose important funding, due to tax shortfalls (Anderberg, Balestrino, and Galmarini 651). Likewise, the increased burden on taxpayers can create lower morale amongst even more otherwise law- abiding individuals (Bajada 187). For example, when the federal government is forced to raise taxes in order to fulfill missing income taxes, more citizens will become involved in underground activities in order to replenish their own incomes (Gwartney and Stroup 115-116). And the cycle continues. In the world of economics, there are no easy answers. Texas has learned this hard esson first-hand as its own underground economy thrives, largely due to a booming population of illegal immigrants. According to estimates by the Pew Hispanic Center, Texas-based illegal immigrants account for roughly ten percent (1. 6 million out of 11 million) of the overall United States illegal citizen population. Most of these undocumented citizens have settled in seven populous regions, including Houston (Combs, â€Å"Undocumented Immigrants in Texas†). Researchers project that the population of Texas will comprise of over fifty percent Hispanics by the year 2030 (Johnson, â€Å"Texas 2025). Of these fifty percent, a majority will enter the growing workforce of undocumented workers. Many of these undocumented workers arrive from the most education- and poverty-stricken regions of Central America and Mexico (Johnson, â€Å"Texas 2025†). Therefore, most illegal citizens, desperate for secrecy and any money for their disadvantaged families, accept jobs for little income and virtually no benefits. Despite a 1980s state mandate that banned companies from employing undocumented workers (â€Å"The Costs of Illegal Immigration to Texans† 7), Texas continues to be a prolific workplace for illegal immigrants. In addition to its proximity to the Mexican border, the heavy tourism and farming present in the state makes the region an attractive draw for the surplus of service, construction, and field jobs that constitute most undocumented employment. What are the ultimate effects of Texas’ booming undocumented, underground economy? Since the state does not focus on income taxes, most tax losses result from the disadvantaged economic situation most illegal immigrants encounter. Less income itself means less spending and therefore less sales tax—taxes which generate a large portion of state revenues (Bartlett 12). The greatest costs to the state economy, however, are accrued in public assistance. Just as state laws sought to punish employers for hiring illegal immigrants, the United States Supreme Court struck a blow to Texas’ immigrant control efforts by ruling that children of undocumented citizens must be allowed entrance into the public education system. Since this 1982 ruling, the state has spent roughly $7085 dollars per year on each student (including each undocumented student). If reports by the Texas Education Agency are accurate, the annual cost of schooling undocumented students is 957 million dollars (Combs, â€Å"Undocumented Immigrants in Texas†), nearly one billion dollars per year. Healthcare represents another crucial cost of the underground economy. Since virtually all undocumented workers receive no health insurance, these individuals must rely on public health services when they do fall ill or get into accidents. In Texas, most of these services are readily available to anyone—regardless of citizenship status—due to the Indigent Healthcare and Treatment Act. Emergency care, treatment of infectious diseases, immunizations, women’s and children’s health services, and even mental and substance abuse programs can all be obtained by illegal immigrants. The Texas comptroller conducted a comprehensive study at the end of 2006 which highlighted the extreme cost of such services per year. By applying a formula which measured state expenditures against the estimated undocumented population, the comptroller found costs of three and a half million dollars annually in emergency medicine alone. Federally mandated assistance services such as Medicaid netted an additional 38 million dollar cost per year in relation to illegal immigrants. Overall, the comptroller put total healthcare costs based on underground activity at a conservative 58 million dollars. Most of these expenses fall onto local governments and businesses in the private sector, as does the estimated 130 million dollars in annual illegal immigrant incarcerations every year (Combs, â€Å"Undocumented Immigrants in Texas†). The impact of illegal immigration on small business entrepreneurs perhaps highlights the most lasting cost to Texas’ future. A prevalence of underground economic activity steals from and slowly strangles the economy that is ‘above the ground. ’ Consider the plight of one contractor, a man who already charges at rates drastically reduced from those of his competitors. Despite his willingness to adjust to the economic climate and the spirit of capitalism, this legal worker—who compensates all of his employees fully—recently received a dismissal from a potential client that has become all too common: â€Å"I have two other bids here that are half what you’re asking† (McHugh, â€Å"Notes from the Underground Economy†). Documented workers, already struggling in a struggling economy, must face even more obstacles simply because they expect a living wage. The government has done little to address this problem. By the turn of the century, fewer than 1000 employers nationwide were being held accountable for hiring illegal immigrants. If this lax approach to the problem continues, in the United States and in Texas in particular, the dire prediction of Texas State Representative Pete Gallego will transform into a grim reality: â€Å"By the year 2025, if we keep doing what were doing now, Texas will have the economy of a Third World country. †

Impact of Brexit on EU Foreign Policy

Impact of Brexit on EU Foreign Policy The European Union will face a new kind of challenge with the exit of Britain: the departure of one of its largest and most substantial member states. No member states has yet made the decision to exit the European Union, so Brexit is a significant event in the history of Europe. The leaving of a member state from the EU is unprecedented and therefore the political consequences are likely to be considerable and prolonged, not only for Britain but for the European Union as a whole (Hobolt 2016). United Kingdom leaving the European Union would change how EU institutions operate not just during the withdrawal period, but also afterwards. The long-term impacts are still uncertain, the process of Brexit takes many years and the full consequences will not be known for a long time. It is only possible to examine probable scenarios. It would most likely affect the European Union’s global role and the balance of power among member states and therefore the policies that the EU would pur sue. It would also alter the resources upon which the EU could draw (Patel, Reh 2016). In addition to that, Brexit will probably encourage populist, anti-immigration and Eurosceptic forces around Europe and that in turn, in the worst case scenario, could eventually create an unravelling of the European Union. Britain is one country among 28, but it is also 15 per cent of the European economy and an eighth of its population. British governments have also been centrally involved in EU’s foreign and security policy. Therefore, there is a lot at stake and Britain leaving the European Union is not only a turning point for Britain but also for the foreign policy of the EU (Raines 2016). Brexit could also alter the relations between the EU and U.S. since the U.S. considers UK as a ‘bridge’ between themselves and the continental Europe. Brexit certainly has serious impacts on the foreign policy of the EU and could possibly even create a rupture in Europe. On the other ha nd, Brexit could be an opportunity for the European Union to show that they can handle a â€Å"challenge†. It depends how the European Union can handle this situation. In this essay I am going to analyse the plausible and realistic short-term, but mainly long-term impacts of Brexit on European Union foreign policy and global role and shortly go over how it could impact the relations between the European Union and the United States. Brexit will significantly weaken the EUs global role. For many, the EU is known for the symbol it stands for- binding Europeans together to resolve conflicts and differences collectively. Brexit puts that symbol of international cooperation to test (Raines 2016). Diplomacy, soft power and international collaboration are the three key aspects of European Union’s foreign policy and its influential powers. Those aspects would be less powerful on the World stage without UK, since the UK is EU’s one of the most important member states and international ‘star-players’ (Patel, Reh 2016). Britain has been centrally involved in EU’s foreign policy and has pushed forward the enlargement of the union, trade liberalisation and the global fight against climate change. With Brexit, the EU loses a key member state with major strategic, economic and diplomatic abilities. With that the European Union fails to be ‘attractive’ internationally if even its o wn member do not believe in the EU’s ability to promote its model, norms and values any more (Weilandt 2017). The EU’s influence on the global scale is also decreasing with the parting of major military power in the EU. UK and France are currently the only member states within the EU with considerable military power and losing one of them could undermine any future development of serious EU military capabilities (Patel, Reh 2016). The European Union’s legitimacy has already suffered due to its poor handling of the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis and the refugee situation (Weilandt 2017). Immigration and the refugee crisis, alongside with economic issues, were also one of the key arguments for having the UKs referendum to decide whether to stay or leave the European Union and fundamental in explaining why the country ultimately voted for Brexit (Clarke, Goodwin, Whiteley 2017). Now the question is, whether those concerns are exceptional for British people or can t here be expected similar uprisings against the European Union in other member states (Hobolt 2016). Brexit could lead to cycle of disintegration. Some member states that were concerned with their sovereignty already before, with the main concerns rooting from European Union’s poor handling the refugee crisis since 2015, could follow in Britain’s footsteps, for example, Poland and Hungary (Leonard 2016). There have been evidence in studies carried out by MCLaren in 2002 and 2006, along with other studies, that Euroscepticism is closely related to general hostility and resentment to other cultures, such as unfavourable mind-set towards immigrants and minority groups (Hobolt 2016). In addition to diminishing the EU on the world stage, brexit could therefore encourage and strengthen Euroscepticism, anti-immigration and anti-democratic forces in Europe who would seek to rethink their country’s membership with the European Union or at least some rearrangement of their relations and conditions with the EU (Patel, Reh 2016). Although referendums on whether to leave the EU or not, are possible, given the pressure from rising populist parties, it is still not very likely. Most mainstream parties in Western Europe are pro-EU. The Eurosceptic parties would need to form a coalition with the pro-EU parties to gain office and muster a parliamentary majority in order to call a referendum on EU membership. Even the most successful populist parties in Western Europe, such as the Danish People’s Party and the Dutch and Austrian Freedom Parties would find it quite difficult to raise a parliamentary majority to, in turn, call in a vote on the matter of the EU membership. While EU referendums are not very likely in other member states, the rise of populist Eurosceptic parties nevertheless pose a serious challenge to the European Union (Hobolt 2016).There is a growing Euroscepticism in Europe after the Eurozone and migrant crises, nevertheless, opinion polls since 2012 have persistently shown that Britain is rather the exception than the rule when it comes to support for leaving the European Union (Hobolt 2016).Yet, it cannot be said that Brexit vote is uniquely a British phenomenon, it indicates the same conceptions that stimulate increases in support for populist Eurosceptic parties across the Europe in recent years, especially in the outcome of the Eurozone and migrant crises. Concerns about immigration and the diminishing national identity in a globalized world are still growing in Europe, beyond Britain. (Hobolt 2016). Better safe than sorry and European Union would still want to rule out any chance for a Brexit domino effect and therefore will make it difficult for Britain to leave the EU, avoiding the precedent of easy withdrawal, so other member states would not even think about leaving the European Union (Patel, Renwick 2016). Germany and France might even push for more immigrant and integrations in Europe to show â€Å"unity† (Patel, Reh 2016).   The EU tends to use further integration as a solution crises, this has well been demonstrated by the Eurozone crisis and those surrounding the Schengen area (Oliver, Williams 2016). This attempt to push for even more integration in Europe in order to demonstrate unity, could set off a counter reaction from member states that have a Eurosceptic parties and lead to even more Euroscepticism in Europe, based on the studies mentioned before. As has Donald Dusk, President of the European Council said: â€Å"Obsessed with the idea of instant and to tal integration, we failed to notice that ordinary people, the citizens of Europe, do not share our Euro-enthusiasm†(Grant 2016). It should be worrying that many voters across Europe see European Union as part of the problem rather than a solution when it comes to protecting the ordinary citizens from the troubles of an even more globalised and integrated world (Hobolt 2016). Brexit would very likely change the balance of power within the European Union and therefore also the policies that the EU could draw (Patel, Reh 2016). It is argued that Brexit could strengthen the position of Germany, shift alliances and possibly also either strengthen or weaken smaller states. Until this point, Germany has already determined the EU’s response on past issues such as the Eurozone crisis, refugees and the war on in Ukraine (Grant 2016). The departure of the UK could further reassure Germany’s position, since UK has often served as a critical counterweight. This could lead to many smaller member states worrying about German domination (Patel, Reh 2016). Some analysts have noted that without the UK, Germany would be expected to subsidize more to European defence and security also. This would be an undesirable position and responsibility for Germany.   It has also been argued that that with the Europe’s other dominant powers, France, Spain and Ita ly, in either decline or political unrest, Germany needs the UK to help it lead the European Union (Patel, Renwick 2016). Although Germany needs UK to co-lead the European Union and they have been quite keen to keep the UK in the EU, they have also made it clear that this goal is not pursued at all costs- particularly not at a cost that weakens the concept of European integration (Oliver, Williams 2016). Brexit could also change the relations between the European Union and the United States. Many Americans believe that having one of United States’ closest allies in the EU aligns it more closely with U.S. foreign policy aspirations and the U.S. saw the UK as a bridge between themselves and continental Europe (Grant 2016). UK has helped move the European Union toward shared U.S. foreign policy aims before, for example as the Atlantic Council’s Frances Burwell points to the EU setting sanctions on Iran for its nuclear program and on Russia for Moscow’s takeover of Crimea. Although it is argued that Brexit would likely have a little impact on the EU-US relations since U.S. and UK would still be both members of NATO.   While historically Britain has been the leader of the Antlanticism, support for a close relationship between Western Europe and the U.S., in Europe, there is no reason why another big EU member state could not play this part. Indeed, the United States has already started to look to other states, particularly Germany for an ally, and France for military leadership in Europe (Oliver, Williams 2016). The loss of European Union’s key member states with major strategic, economic, diplomatic and military capabilities will be a serious setback to the EU’s position and reputation, alongside with its international influential powers. Brexit is a momentous event in the history of EU, and because this is situation is unprecedented in Europe, the impacts are uncertain. Nevertheless, the consequences will most likely be substantial and prolonged in the EU’s policy and foreign policy. Firstly, Brexit will weaken the global role of the European Union signifantly. EU is no longer sufficiently attractive if even one of its own members do not believe in the norms and values set out by the model of international cooperation that is the European Union. This puts the EU’s symbolic meaning into question- is the EU still a model for the future of international cooperation? From here could the unravelling of the EU begin. Brexit emboldens anti-immigration and Eurosceptic f orces across Europe. The reputation of EU has already decreased after the poor handling of the Eurozone and immigration crises. Immigration issues were the key to the UK’s referendum and has got many other member states concerned as well. There is a rising mistrust in the Union and although referendums on the EU membership in other member states is unlikely, the EU should be concerned with the rising populist and Eurosceptic forces. Even though referendums are not very likely, some member states could at least seek some reconfiguration of the conditions and terms with the European Union. Naturally the EU would want to prevent any Brexit Domino effects and therefore make the conditions of leaving possibly difficult for the UK, not willing to make many concessions. The Brexit negotiations will be long and complex. As a result of Brexit, the EU might want to push for more integration among the member states, to show ‘unity’, led by Germany and France. But this attempt could a counter reaction and lead to even more Eurosceptisim in Europe. Brexit will also change the balance of power between the member states. This could go in many possible directions but it is very plausible that the Brexit will strengthen the position of Germany, or rather- further reassure Germany’s position, Germany has already determined the EU’s response on past issues. Germany’s dominant position could have many smaller states worried, since until now the UK has served as a critical counterweight to Germany. Bibliography Clarke, D. H., Goodwin, M., Whiteley, P. (2017) BREXIT: Why Britain Voted to Leave the European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressDaianu, D. (2016) ‘One crisis after another: How the EU can deal with Brexit’. The European Council on Foreign Relations [online] 7 July.   Available from: [13 November 2017]Grant, C. (2016) ‘The impact of Brexit on the EU’. Centre for European Reform [online] 24 June. Available from: [13 November 2017]Hazell, R., Renwick, A. (2016) ‘Brexit: Its Consequences for Devolution and the Union’. [19 May 2016] UCL Constitution Unit Briefing Paper (online). Available from:    [12 November 2017] Hobolt, B. S. (2016) ‘The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent’ Journal of European Public Policy [online] 23 (9), 1259-1277. Available from: [10 November 2017]Leonard, M. (2016) ‘Brexit: The foreign policy implications’. The European Council on Foreign Relations [online] 24 June. Available from: [11 November 2017]Oliver, T., Williams, J. M. (2016) ‘Special relationships in flux: Brexit and the future of the US–EU and US–UK relationships’ International Affairs [online] 92 (3), 547-567. Available from: [14 November 2017]Patel, O., Reh, C. (2016) ‘Brexit: The Consequences for the EU’s Political System’. [5 May 2016] UCL Constitution Unit Briefing Paper [online]. Available from: [12 November 2017]Patel, O., Renwick, A. (2016) ‘Brexit: The Consequences for Other EU Member States’. [2 June 2016] UCL Constitution Unit Briefing Paper [online]. Available from: [12 November 2017]Raines, T. (2016) ‘Britain’s Vote Will Test the Limits of the EU experiment’. Chatham House [online] 21 June. Available from: [13 November 2017]Weilandt, R. (2017) ‘Why Brexit’s Impact on EU Foreign Policy Might Remain Limited’. Crossroads Europe [online] 17 August. Available from: [11 No vember 2017]Wright, N., Patel, O. (2016) ‘The Constitutional Consequences of Brexit: Whitehall and Westminster’. [21 April 2016] UCL Constitution Unit Briefing Paper [online]. Available from: [12 November 2017]

Shooting an Elephant :: essays research papers

A police officer in the British Raj, the supposedly 'unbreakable'; ruling force, was afraid. With his gun aimed at a elephant's head, he was faced with the decision to pull the trigger. That officer was George Orwell, and he writes about his experience in his short story, 'Shooting an Elephant';. To save face, he shrugged it off as his desire to 'avoid looking the fool'; (George Orwell, 283). In truth, the atmosphere of fear and pressure overwhelmed him. His inner struggle over the guilt of being involved in the subjugation of a people added to this strain, and he made a decision he would later regret enough to write this story. Early on in his essay, Orwell describes how the abuses and treatment he witnessed oppressed him '… with an intolerable sense of guilt,'; (Orwell,277). This is not some minor pang, or nagging worry. The shame pressed down on his shoulders with an unbearable weight. He also describes the injustices in detail, using vivid pictures like 'The wretched prisoners huddling in the stinking cages…'; (Orwell,277). This does not come from someone who condones such behavior. It stems from a troubled, remorseful soul. The mob, thousands by his description, also pressured him. 'I could feel their two-thousand wills pressing me forward, irresistibly,'; he emphasizes (Orwell, 280). It is hard to resist the peer pressure of one or two people, much less a crowd of thousands. He admits, '…in reality I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the faces behind.'; Thus, the desire and will of the crowd urge him on, ominously. The people despised him. He speaks of being 'hated by large numbers of people'; and the 'sneering yellow faces of young men that met me everywhere..." (Orwell, 276). As one man, how could he dare to go against them? Two thousand could easily overtake one. They would not have aided him, should anything go wrong, and eagerly anticipated that eventuality. He describes his fear that they would watch him be '…pursued, caught, trampled on, and reduced to a grinning corpse…'; should the elephant charge (Orwell, 281).

Management accounting and decision making Essay

According to Burger (2008) â€Å"Accounting is the language of business. A lot of people think it’s just numbers, but it’s really a lot more than that. There are a lot of areas outside of numbers that need to be looked at, processes and procedures, what the tone of the company is. Accounting will take you in just about any direction in a company.† ~ Wade Becker, CPA, Beard, Miller Co. The job description of many professions is changing nowadays. The skills to perform a certain job require more skills to perform a particular job. If an example of Information Technology is to be taken then it is realized that once they were left to do IT related jobs or make computers work however, in today’s world IT professionals are now moving into higher level management positions which require them to perform many other tasks which may not be directly related to the their profession. Therefore, a stereotypical role of an accountant was once considered a â€Å"number person† but today’s era demands accounting professional to own and use interactive and communication skills to help with the decision making process across all areas of a business. In a managerial accounting world all professionals must communicate their ideas to other companies using ways which are tactful and effective. Siegel (2000) states that â€Å"Management accountants should be great communicators.† Durry C (1992) believes that management accounting is â€Å"concerned with providing information to managers –that is people inside an organization who direct and control the operations.† In the 19th Century financial accounting was considered to be the need of a society which later evolved to Management accounting. Management accounting became a prerequisite for more detailed information for stock control, product costing and decisions affecting the future. Accou nting is facing numerous challenges, as Elkington (1998) states â€Å"business people must increasingly recognise that the challenge now is to help to deliver simultaneously economic prosperity, environmental quality and social equity.† All this is making business managers to re-examine the practices that are currently led. Cokins G and Hicks D believe that Managerial accounting is part of an organisations management information system. To follow any business or an organisation aim managers engage in activities which involve an effective cost model as it can be a great asset to an organisation. A business or projects to be a success or failure three things need to be considered, for  example, cost, schedule and performance. A project should be continued within the means provided otherwise stakeholders struggle to finance the project and its abandoned. A success of a manager is when appropriate tools are employed and sound safe decisions are made and follow on with applying substantial level of expertise to have effective cost management. The world today is surrounded by increasingly advanced technology such as computer assisted manufacturing and flexible manufacturing systems. According to Cokins and Hicks organizations to compete effectively need to understand the cost of each product or element of their value chain from product design and purchase of material therefore internal cost is very important as mentioned in Cokins and Hicks article because it becomes critical for competitive action and increasing shareholders wealth in the current globally competitive economy. Management accounting systems are the benefactors of the precarious internal cost information. There has been few criticisms leading to the literature of Management accounting system and it has been labeled outdated and there has been criticisms linked to its consistency as it has been thought that it does not provide consistent information with the current strategic management paradigm. Cokins and Hicks believe that systems designs elements should capture the fundamental technology, promote a business based on effective cost model, quality and lead time. Precise and appropriate cost information is critical to management’s decision making procedures (Cokins and Hicks) and the literature being studied reveals Management accounting system reflects the organizational complications of the current world however traditional Management accounting systems do not replicate current organizational era as all costing procedures were designed around late nineteenth century. In traditional era product line diversity was not very common and cost of materials and direct labour were the main components of production cost but the environment today is surrounded around advanced technology and automation and that has led the prime cost to be the overhead component. The overhead costs are altering product cost because of the old management accounting system techniques. Management accounting needs a unique set of skills and behaviour. According to Cokins and Hicks Accounting Management framework gives business a planned approach to address all factors that will manage accounts interface and todays reality. Cooper and Kaplan believe there are six critical factors which play a crucial role  in Accounting Management framework which also backs Cokins and Hicks journal being studied for this assignment. The first one is organizational structure. It includes factors such as whom and how you manage accounts, why and how you organize around them. The second account management success factor is people as they need the appropriate skills, knowledge and skills to experience and perform the role. The third factor is tools and technology as it must support the account management processes and must balance â€Å"help† as â€Å"control.† The fourth one is compensations structures as they can inhibit change or accelerate adoption. The fifth account management success factors are processes and methodologies as they should align with the customer, drive growth and opportunity plan and the last factor channels and alliances must be managed effectively through the account manager interface.it is up to an organization to structure their useful employees around their key customers and that can create a deep impact on their performance. First few deliberate decisions need to be taken in terms of placement of accounts management resources such as market and territory. Cokins and Hicks believe management team need to plan using methodology a number of factors to create a ranking based on the business goal for the affiliation and ability to deliver. Once these methodologies are selected they can play a vital role in team structure and it will help to deal with issues such as ownership or shareholders Cokins and Hicks discuss the difference between cost accounting and managerial accounting and the strength of their article is that managerial accounting is tied with GAAP whereas cost accounting is used within a business to manage that particular business. Accounting standards of a country provide guidelines to an accountant so they can be used while reporting economic transactions of a business. United Kingdom accounting has improved a lot as mentioned in the journal being studied for this particular assignment. Managers have immense pressure to improve financial management practices to improve service to the community and it is not only done on national level. Managerial accountants have to keep accountant standards fair globally and that is mainly done through Accounting Standards Committee. â€Å"What gets measured gets managed, What needs managed gets measured† (Peter Drucker) famous quotes has cause many criticisms but if the practices and development mentioned in Cokins and Hicks journal are to be analyzed, one can conclude this quote has some truth. Managers of a business  often use this quote indicates that active management of businesses should be given importance instead of accountability to gain desired goals. It w ill lead to survive in today’s world of information age competition therefore businesses should ensure they are using management systems resulting from their strengths. Any business main task is to develop an active measurement system as it is main part of the management process. Good management practices lead to using certain measures to plan, implement and improve certain aspects of an organization. According to Kaplan, (1994) measurement is a difficult task because it is not related to science so there are no facts and does not have rules between variables. Furthermore, systems which are used by management accountants will make sure that actions are taken according to the strategies and objectives developed. There has been an immense amount of research on management accountants and the research evidence has proved that businesses which are using a developed measurement system are developing and gaining profits therefore, Gates (1991) states â€Å"an organizations objectives and severity of measures, varies, depending on people, culture and past experiences of the organization.† The management accountant was developed after 1980s and it was seen a golden era in management accounting research as it saw new techniques and practices beneficial to the management accounting. One of the techniques developed in 80s was strategic management accounting and some of the processes which fall under the category of strategic management accounting are activity based costing and balance scorecard. The balance scorecard emerged after it was realized that there is a need of an integrated system which can be used to measure both financial and non-financial performances. It helps companies to view their performances on a regular basis and it gave a clear view of what should be measured in order to balance a particular business financial perspectives. The balance score card consists of four functions known as learning and growth perspective. It means how to achieve a certain organizations goals and how will a business will sustain its ability to change and improve. the second perspective is financial and its aim is to succeed financially and is mainly concerned with making a good impression to shareholders. Another perspective is based on customers as they can determine sales and to achieve business goals a good impression is to be made upon customers. The last perspective is known as internal business  processes. It mainly deals with how to satisfy customers and shareholders and what business processes must a certain business excel as. (Kaplan and Norton:1996) Balance scorecard is one of the necessities for any organization and it is used by the management to accomplish vision and strategies of an organization and it has few other benefits too such as, making sure managers are managing every single variable within an organization and are not working upon favoritism. If more developments are to be discussed and strength of Cokins and Hicks journal than one must not forget one of the major development in an accounting field known as Activity-based costing. Kaplan and Cooper gave this idea a new beginning as it was not very well known in previous years. According to Kaplan (1996) manufacturing costs are determined by amount of â€Å"activities† and the key to effective cost control is maintaining the effectiveness of the act ivities ABC recognizes better cost pools for indirect costs and then implies cost drivers to relate the expenses in the cost pools to activities of an organization. ABC has become more popular in recent years but faces a lot of criticisms too due to the fact that sometimes businesses face difficulties in implementing this technique. ABC is enhanced further by Activity-based management as they believe in planning and measurement and class them as key factors in a competitive business environment. To conclude, If an organization has accounts managers or not a success can only be achieved if a successful profile is valued. It can be done through an industry as it will help determine to what extent an account manager is an industry expert and the second is through customers as it is vital for an accountant to understand the businesses being worked upon. The profession Accountancy has seen many developments and criticisms however, since 1980s there has been many changes in management accountancy. The new changes are focusing on measurement tools within a business to manage its aims and objectives. Management techniques are discussed briefly in this essay and they emphasize on Cokins and Hicks journal that management decisions can be made better by using effective management measurement tools and it leads to improving the management of an organization. There can be problem with new measurement techniques as nothing in life comes with a guarantee however, new ideas can be used on the basis of guess work and the new contributions could be a way forward.

Smart Metrobus Stops

Reduce the traffic The metrobus system, which IETT has effectuated in order to reduce the traffic density at the main arteries of traffic in Istanbul and to provide quick and comfortable transportation, primarily started to serve at Topkapi-Avcilar route. * To encourage more use of public transport The metrobus system, which reduced the Access time of Topkapi-Avcilar to 22 minutes, it  was 67 minutes previously, will be extended to Beylikduzu at the European side of Istanbul and to Kozyatagi the Anatolian side of Istanbul.One bus can carry   600. 000/day. The number of people that  typically travel in a car –  making bus travel greener and reducing congestion on our roads. Metrobus  improves reliability and more people will be encouraged to leave the car at home and use the bus more often. The metrobus system, which displays further development potential than other express lines; whose investment and operation costs are absolutely lower than other railways; whose est ablishment is completed in a shorter time relatively, has primarily reduced the traveling period, providing time saving.Since the vehicles move on their specific road, the accident rate and risk reduces. High-tech devices within the system provide a safer and more comfortable travel. By means of its environment-friendly engines, the emission rates reduce drastically and the hybrid engine provides approximately 40% fuel savings Its drawing near alongside the stop facilitates the disabled travelers to get on the metrobus. Operational Capabilities * Intelligent Metrobus Signs provide; * Real time travel information at high-use bus stops Timetables, route maps and local area maps * Need minimum maintenance and have a long service life * No need excavation, easy fitting * Promoting more people to use public transit * Audiable signange fort he visually impaired * Save %75 energy more than traditional stops * Solar-powered system, friendly to environment * Can be used as a lighting and 220 Volt AC power supply in case of emergency or natural disaster * Can call emergency with the emergency/panic button Intelligent metrobus sign system should be designed to withstand malicious use (A push button also triggers an audible message of the same information to help passengers with a visual impairment) . User Classes * Public: people who are using metrobuses searching which line they will use, arrival time of the metrobus or looking at the city map. * Maintenance personnel: people who service, adjust, maintain and repair equipment STAGE 2: OPERATIONAL CONCEPT FORMULATION * Existing metrobus stops  are being  upgraded and some new metrobus stops  built along for future metobus routes.This ensures that passengers have reduced waiting times and easier  access to buses. * LCD displays on metrobus stops show arrival, departure and estimated time of arrival calculation information based on the vehicle tracking data. This tracking information is provided using satellite sig nals from the Global Positioning System (GPS) . The data is transferred to the control centre by GPRS communication. * Positions of all metrobuses are tracked so that predictions of arrival times on  information displays at metrobus stops are continually updated. The metrobus stop acts as an active environmental sensing node, powering itself through sunlight and collecting real-time information about the surrounding environment STAGE 3: OPERATIONAL CONCEPT FORMULATION * Main task The system would provide real-time information on LCD display screens at these stops. The information indicate the fixed route of the metrobuses on graphic maps, the number of stops and the estimated time before arrival. * Human Task The user will be able to check his current location, closest metrobus stop's location and name and all metrobus lines and their routes.And there will be a panic buton to be used just in case of an emergency ( will be located to a certain level of height in order to be kept aw ay children’ reach). Different views of system * Physical view * The size of the Metrobus Stop is modular and adjustable depending on the number of people using the bus stop at the specific site. * Schedules and timetables for each route are visible on LCD screens and there will be 2 LCD screens located the midpoint of the distance between 3 doors. The navigation positioning device (GPS) retrieving current vehicle geographic longitude and latitude coordinates from the received satellite signal * The position data transfers to Metrobus Stop Control Center * Compute a distance from the current position to a next target position value and the current geographic longitude and latitude coordinates * Analyzes the current vehicle speed based on a basic vehicle speed, and sends the analyzed speed data and the computed distance data to ETA (estimated time of arrival) unit. Compute parameters for adjusting a remaining distance and the remaining distance based on the received data * And determine the remaining time to the next stop according to the remaining distance to the next target position value and vehicle speed. * The data is transferred to the Metrobus Stop by GPRS communication Using the Metrobus stop, public transit operators can provide passengers reliable estimated time of arrival predictions, achieving greater passenger satisfaction and significantly improving their public image.A Global Positioning System unit would be installed on every metrobus to send real time information to the metrobus stop display via satellite. STAGE 4:CONCEPT DEMONSTRATION AND VALIDATION * The concept of design which is chosen during concept exploration is now modeled, simulated and model tests are performed. * Making sure that the proposed design encourages more people to use public transport is the major phase of this stage. Questions should be answered are; * Does the desing concept meet requirements for operating, maintaining and supporting the system? * Does it meet saf ety and personal training requirements?Personnel Requirements The stuff who are responsible with servicing ans maintaining are required to have necessarry technical knowledge and go through training programmes that may be necessary to bring their skills up to required levels STAGE 5: FULL-SCALE ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT Products are not only tested by consumers, but also will be tested during the process of design and manufacture. Usabbility Testing and Reference of Testing Results * Intelligent metrobus stop provides timely passenger information based on fast and effective communications. In average, the connection is established in less than 0. seconds, instantly providing accurate information on metrobus status. * When the metrobus passes through a tunnel, the global positioning device  Ã‚  is not able to transmit and receive signal to and from the satellite  . and therefore, could not retrieve the current vehicle geographic longitude and latitude coordinates and the current ve hicle speed to result in incorrect announcement of arrival at a next stop by the metrobus stop announcing system * Pressure and strength test are applied on the intelligent metrobus stops. * The metrobus stop shelter material is made from 99. 9% uv protection policarbonate. serlite Polycarbonate Selter prevents the transmission  of more than 99. 9% of harmful UV radiation, measured to   standard ISO 9050:2003. Its co-extruded UV barrier protects the   sheet from UV degradation and discolouration. It remains stable  under extreme climatic conditions (-20 ° to +120 °C). Shelters also stop the rain. * Laserlite Polycarbonate  Roofing is self extinguishing, stops the spread of flame   and also has excellent fire resistant properties. Therefore, this   product complies with many fire related tests, including Heat and   Smoke Release   Rates   (AS/NZS   3837:1998) STAGE 6: PRODUCTION AND DEPLOYMENTUsers don’t need any training period. Training is only for technical service and operator workers. A timetable is available for convenience, and there is a slot for advertisement in order to create a surplus in cash flow, allowing more metrobus stops to be built. The technology would enable people to leave their cars and encourage more people to use public transport. Changes that should be made for later versions will allowed you to check your e-mail, share community information on a digital message board or monitor the local air quality. STAGE 7 : OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE The system require minimum maintenence and have a long service life.

Ethical codes and Critical thinking Essay

The issues involving Ethics vs Critical thinking has been a popular topic among researchers for many years. In depth analysis of Ethics vs Critical thinking can be an enriching experience. While it has been acknowledged that it has an important part to play in the development of man, its influence on western cinema has not been given proper recognition. Inevitably Ethics vs Critical thinking is often misunderstood by the easily lead, whom I can say no more about due to legal restrictions. Complex though it is I shall now attempt to provide an exaustive report on Ethics vs Critical thinking and its numerous ‘industries’. There is cultural and institutional interdependence between members of any community. When Thucictholous said ‘people only know one thing’ [1] he shead new light on Ethics vs Critical thinking, allowing man to take it by the hand and understand its momentum. More a melody to societies dysfunctions than a parody of the self, Ethics vs Critical thinking bravely illustrates what we are most afraid of, what we all know deep down in our hearts. Some analysts have been tempted to disregard Ethics vs Critical thinking. I haven’t. Clearly it promotes higher individualism and obeyence of instinct. As soon as a child meets Ethics vs Critical thinking they are changed. Increasingly economic growth and innovation are being attributed to Ethics vs Critical thinking. Of course, Ethics vs Critical thinking fits perfectly into the Lead-a-Duck-to-Water model. For those of you unfamiliar with this model it is derived from the Three-Amigos model but with greater emphasis on the outlying gross national product. When displayed this way it becomes very clear that Ethics vs Critical thinking is of great importance. My personal view is that the cost of living world wide are driven entirely by Ethics vs Critical thinking. Many analysts fear a subsequent depression. It is always enlightening to consider the words of the uncompromising Kuuipo H. Amster ‘Political  idealists must ideally deal, for I daily list my ideals politically.’ This quotation leads me to suspect that he was not unaccustomed to Ethics vs Critical thinking. It speaks volumes. If Ethics vs Critical thinking be the food of politics, play on. One thing’s certain. The Human species liberally desires Ethics vs Critical thinking, and what’s more human than politics? What can we conclude? Well, Ethics vs Critical thinking parades along man’s streets and man waves back. It enriches, ‘literally’ plants seeds for harvest, and always chips in.

Introduction to business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to business - Essay Example While the first wave of public management reforms happened between 1979 and 1999, the turn of the millennia has shown increased reforms aimed at better servicing the public. The example of the way in which government employees are put into a culture of purpose, a social contract in which pay is only a part of the reward system, shows the way that reforms of the conservatism that hampered the system are being healed. The public management field is concerned with the areas of interest that are defined by the needs of the public. In order to fully understand this field, it is important to have definitive understanding of what the word public means. According to Bovaird and Loffler (2009), public refers to â€Å"collective choice and activity† in which â€Å"it has the ultimate responsibility for constituting a society as a political community which has the capacity to make public choices† (p. 5). The concerns of the public are the concerns of creating a community in which the needs of the individual are addressed in such a way that they best benefit the needs of the community as a whole. One of the prime concerns for public management is increasing the value of the money that is spent in serving the public, in creating the best possible result for the least amount of money in order to create the broadest number of services. In understanding the services of public management, it is beneficial to contrast it to the purposes of public administration and governance. Public administration is concerned with holding the budget, with administering the finances and how they are spent Governance is concerned with determining the structures through which decisions will be made and judging if those structures have been effectively followed. Both of these types of control are determined a great deal by the way in which the public perceives the effectiveness of their application (Bovaird and Loffler 2009 p. 6). Public management is concerned with managing the need s of the public through efficient use of the funds that are available so that the most people see the best and greatest amount of benefit. An example of the difference is shown by Bovaird and Loffler (2009) through a simplified consideration. When considering the topic of clean streets, governance is concerned with the actions of the citizens in preventing further littering, while management will be concerned with how to improve street cleaning services (p. 9). While this is a very simplified version of the differences, those differences can be viewed through the lens of this example. In the year 1999, Pollitt and Bouckaert wrote about the need for public management reforms. There are five areas of interest that define the reasons that reform was called for during this time. The examples of public management within Finland and Sweden could not be reached due to differences in the structure of the United Kingdom. The first difference that is remarked upon is that the U.K. reflects a deeper complexity of political governance. The second difference is within the per capita wealth of the country. The third concept is within the capital growth within the country. The fourth is within the differences that can be appreciated general governance expenditure. The final aspect that must be considered when approaching reforms in order to reflect the nature of the U.K. social and political structure is in the wide variations in wage and price increases